Friedrich Nietzsche s Ethical Theory - 1191 Words

Friedrich Nietzsche expresses an ethical theory in which he believes all humans should simply strive for power regardless of how it affects others. Though this sounds like an ideal theory because we would always have what we need, this mindset would lead to an unsuccessful society. Instead Thomas Hobbes presents a more preferable idea for society by establishing a type of â€Å"moral code† for all. Nietzsche’s idea of striving for total power would lead to a collapse in society where Hobbes’ idea of establishing a social contract under a supreme ruler would lead to a more peaceful and successful society. To being with, one must first look at Nietzsche’s ethical standpoint. Nietzsche believes everyone should strive to become the ubermensch, or the over man, by expressing the ego and simply taking as much power as one desires. Thus, the telos of humanity is to be the most egoistic. This can be seen when examining the origin of the word â€Å"goodness†. Originally, nobility defined the way they lived to be â€Å"good† and because peasants did not live to such a high standard they were â€Å"bad†. Nietzsche goes on to explain that priests became hateful of the â€Å"good† nobility. In Nietzsche’s eyes the priests hated the nobles for having great power. He writes â€Å"As is the well-known, priests are the most evil of enemies-but why? Because they are the most powerless† (Nietzsche 386). The priests were evil because they did not act out of self-interest, thus they did not have any power. This hatefulnessShow MoreRelatedEthics : Virtue Ethics And Ethics1351 Words   |  6 PagesPhilosophy Final Exam Dawlat Chebly 1/27/15 I. Provide answers for five (5) of the following (6 points each, total of 30 points): 1. what is virtue ethics and what does it do that the two major ethical approaches do not? Virtue ethics is one of the three major approaches in ethics. 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He is known to be one of the bestRead MoreAn Overview Of The Ethical1407 Words   |  6 Pagesï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Abortion: An Overview of the Ethical ï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼11/1/2015 Randy St.Cyr PHIL200 Introduction to Ethics Dr. Carrie Pettermin Issues ï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼ ï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼ÃƒËœÃ¯Æ'Ëœ Various philosophers through the centuries have had a tremendous impact on the way modern society thinks. ØïÆ'Ëœ Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) influenced modern thinking with his â€Å"God is dead† philosophy. This meant that there was no longer any room for God in an enlightened and civilized society. ØïÆ'Ëœ John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) helped popularize the philosophy ofRead MoreExistentialism : A Very Short Introduction Essay980 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Authenticity is a collection of choices that we have to make every day. It s about the choice to show up and be real. The choice to be honest. The choice to let our true selves be seen† (Brown). In the book Existentialism: A Very Short Introduction, Thomas Flynn writes about one of the leading philosophical movements in the twentieth century: existentialism. This theory emphasizes that each individual is entirely free, making them responsible and accountable for their actions or choices. With thisRead MoreAn Introduction To Psychology . The American Psychological1758 Words   |  8 PagesAmerican Journal Association in 1887 and Journal applied Psychology in 1917 (Anderson 1929).Psycology was established separately from the General science like biology and philosophy. The different schools of psychology was to repre sent the major theories within psychology. Wundt was able to form one of the many systems of psychology; structuralism. Along with existentialism, behaviorism and functionalism which are just a few of the traditional schools and systems of psychology. These schools of psychologyRead MorePhilosophy Are Filled With Debates, Arguments, And Theories1757 Words   |  8 Pages Annals of Philosophy are filled with debates, arguments, and theories. One such argument would be that it is not possible to possess morality without the belief in a personal god. There are as many differing opinions on this subject as there are philosophers amongst us. I believe that believing in a god has nothing to do with moral awareness and action. I am not debating that there is a god, I am just concerned with whether or not it is possible to act morally without the belief in oneRead MoreThe Movie Pulp Fiction 2123 Words   |  9 PagesPulp Fiction, a film where every 1950’s pop culture i con is on display from Zorro to Buddy Holly. Quentin Tarantino s 1994, Pulp Fiction, went on to win an Oscar for best original screenplay, and gained a cult following. This report will examine the film s relationship with Nihilist theory. The film is centered around Jules Winnfiel’s [Samuel L. Jackson] transformation, from someone with no sense of what to believe in, to someone who experiences ‘Divine intervention’ and rethinks his system ofRead MoreMoral Relativism And Moral Absolutism1766 Words   |  8 Pagesdescribed as somehow selfish doctrine that seeks to justify the wrong from either a religious or cultural perspective. Conceivably, this principle undermines the need to â€Å"assess the value of our values since values are relative to one s goals and one s self† (Friedrich Nietzsche) (Dempster, 456).We are all slaves of our wishes or wills, and moral relativism may offer humanity an escape route to justify the wrong for the purpose of our selfish gains or convenience. 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Time Periods Represented in The Kid and Iron Jawed Angels

New and exciting technologies have always played a huge role in the culture of American people. When the motion picture came out it was no surprise that both consumers and producers were more than happy to get in on the action. Back in the 1920’s film was still pretty new and was only in black and white with no sound, but the films were always accompanied by orchestral pieces to help set the mood. The art of movie-making has come a long way since then with the addition of not only color and audio, but new techniques and new ideas. Both The Kid and Iron Jawed Angels are very popular films about the early 1900’s. Although they share some common thoughts, but because they were made in two completely different time periods their focuses are†¦show more content†¦In the movie Charlie Chaplin plays a tramp who finds a baby that has been abandoned by an unfit mother. At first Chaplin tries to get rid of the baby, but when that fails he decides to take him in as his own . The movie then skips ahead to when the boy is about five years old and shows Chaplin and the kid scamming their neighbors by breaking their windows and then making them pay for Chaplin to fix them. One day the kid gets sick so Chaplin calls a doctor who, after seeing the kid’s living conditions’ calls the police to have the child taken away. The rest of the movie is about Chaplin’s journey to rescue the kid and ends with a dramatic reuniting scene. Although being set in the same time period, Iron Jawed Angels and The Kid are almost nothing alike. They were both accurate in their portrayal of the time period in which the movies take place, but they accomplished this in totally different ways. First of all, The Kid was through the eyes of a man. This man has a kid and is living a poorer life than most, and his main concern in life is to just make it through the day. Considering that unemployment was just starting to take a dramatic rise in America, and that the living conditions were very poor, The Kid is a great representation of the time period in its own way. In Iron Jawed Angels the film is being portrayed from a women’s point of view. Not just any women though, but the

Research Methodologies

Question: Write a report about the "effect of teacher accents while teaching early grades at school". Answer: Introduction This study deals with addressing effect of teacher accents while teaching early graders at school. Teachers require access towards wide range of information for functioning well in classroom session (Weingarten Penat, 2012). Core competencies requires in various state certification standard for future analysis purpose. It is challenging task for providing excellent teacher preparation as well as ongoing professional development especially for teachers. In this research proposal, it brings out the research questions, research aims and objectives at the same. This particular assignment clearly elaborates the main importance of teaching profession in the life of early graders (Walt Potgieter, 2012). Research methodology brings out the data collection methods adopted by researchers at the time of research analysis. Background of the study First graders are those students who come to school with brimming over enthusiasm as well as excitement for learning new things. This particular age is marked in form of tremendous growth, loosing teeth as well as great emotional highs (Swearengen, 2012). These first graders make big plans and jumps into projects for not missing single thing in life. Teachers should speak in easy language and present session in pictorial form, so that early grade student feels it interesting while sitting at classroom. Teachers should have the quality of effective teaching by clear communication ways. Teachers should be able to communicate with students with maximum clarity and posses strategies for understanding in desired form. Teachers should encounter students in identifying first language or dialect for proper communication as far as possible (Supino Borer, 2012). Addition to that, it is requires understanding of linguistics that enables teachers in discoursing patterns as well as understanding aspects of culture and backgrounds. In accordance with National Association for the Education of Young Children, teachers should create enthusiasm and passion in students. They should drive for unlocking child door to learning as well as obstacles in the near future. Teachers should have extreme patience as well as humor so that students should attend the classes interestingly. They should posses learned effective skills within the young students as well as communicating with them at early graders (Ponterotto, 2012). Teachers requires in communicating with childs parents on matters relating to needs, skills as well as problems and achievements in and within both parties under undue emotions. Teachers should communicate with other teachers for getting updated information in desired way. Teachers should be able to differentiate between students coming at school. Each student has some unique personality as well as learning style that needs proper attention by students 9 Persson, 2012) . In the global society, it is essential for the teachers in preparation of multicultural classrooms with cultures, traditions as well as ethnicities. Classroom is a place whereby differences should be tolerant and adapted in form of embraced open as well as exciting learning atmosphere at the same time. Planning effective lessons by the teachers engages young students in taking creativity as a major part. It requires adapting towards lessons in individual learning styles that symbolizes flexibility largely. Irrespective of any condition, teachers should be flexible enough in handling the glitches and throw off the day. She should have the inclination in changing plans as and when required as a whole. Early childhood development teacher should be able to use creativity as well as flexibility in making day in positive form in the most appropriate way (Onwuegbuzie, Johnson Collins, 2012). Teachers require qualification that proves ability in being recruited in school. Teaching comes under service sector and therefore plays an important part in shaping life of early grade students. Early grade students should be taught the basic concepts in fair manner so that they do not face any problems in the near future. Basic concepts on the subjects taught by teachers help students rise in the upcoming future (Muijs, 2012). First graders enthusiasm for school as well as life considers as exhausting. Teaching first graders is fun, exciting as well as gives rise to joyful experiences on regular basis. Teachers should make the first graders students comes with grand ideas into manageable parts for future purpose. Effective teachers should posses sound knowledge of the subject matter. Teachers should take personal interest in teaching individual students as well as understanding their mindset at the same time. They should establish caring as well as loving and warm atmosphere for th e early graders students (Mayer Steneck, 2012). They should show enthusiasm to students and listen to their ideas as well. Teachers should conduct instructional planning as well as organizing child orientation programs. It requires building enthusiasm among students. According to survey, teachers requires passionate attitude towards handling students at schools. They require high level of patience so that they do not get angry at the mischief of students at schools. Teachers should have interest in learning and inspire students in doing so at the same time. Learning and teaching goes hand-by-hand and taken proper attention at the same time (Kumar, 2011). It is important to consider the fact that teachers should give full attention and engage time for student career development. Pictorial representation and interesting way of teaching students enables in making the classroom session an interesting place for early graders students. Research aims and objectives The main aim of the research is to bring the importance of teaching accents or characteristics at the time of teaching early graders at school (Kuada, 2012).This particular research brings out teacher characteristics while teaching students. Research Question What is the effect of teacher accents while teaching early graders at school? What are teaching characteristics requires at teaching early graders at school? How effective teaching quality helps in student development for early graders at school? Research Hypothesis H0: There is an impact of teacher accents or characteristics in teaching early grade students H1: There is no impact of teacher accents or characteristics in teaching early grade students Research Methodology This part of the research proposal will bring out the process used for collecting information as well as data in undertaking business decisions in certain ways. Research Methodology includes various publications, surveys as well as interviews as per presentation of present and historical information (Knapp, 2013). Scientivism or Positivism Positivism especially belongs to epistemology that is specified in consideration with research philosophy in the particular study on Impact of teacher accents or characteristics in teaching early grade students. Positivism research philosophy brings out the factual assumptions as well as scientific data collection methods (Knapp, 2012). It requires observation by the researchers including measurement in trusted form. Positivism studies satisfy the role as a researcher and limited largely in data collection as well as interpretation in an objective approach. Post-Positivism Post-Positivism is one of the common forms in philosophy in case of critical realism. Critical realist believes in reality independency in thinking process for future analysis purpose. It is direct contrast with subjectivist for holding to external reality for actual realist at the same time (Holden Lynch, 2012). Principles of Post-Positivism depend upon quantifiable observations as well as leading themselves in form of statistical analysis for the same. Post-Positivism philosophy generally is empirical in nature and directs towards human experience in the most appropriate way. It includes ontological view in and around world comprising ways like discrete, observable elements as well as events in events in regular ways. Post-Positivism studies help researchers in bringing independent forms (Crossan, 2013). There are no particular provisions that involve human interests in this particular study. In according to general rule, Post-Positivism studies adopt deductive approach and induct ive approach in association with philosophy phenomenon. Post-Positivism philosophy helps researchers in concentrating on facts as well as provision as per human interest. Epistemology- Post-positivist believes that human knowledge based upon unchallengeable as well as rock-solid foundations and conjectures. Human knowledge assets conjecture for further investigation purpose (Crossan, 2012). Post-Positivism is not direct form of relativism as well as retains idea of objective truth for the same. Ontology- Post positivists believe in real existence in imperfect as well as probability form for future analysis purpose. Humanism Humanism is one kind of research methods in terms of psychology. It relates studies as a whole person as well as uniqueness of an individual. Humanism is considered as psychological perspectives that emphasizes for study whole person (Columbus, 2012). These humanistic psychologist views at human behavior from observer point of view from behavior pattern. As the research was on studying the characteristics of teachers while teaching students, it requires understanding behavioral pattern of students. Critical Theory Critical theory is considered as philosophy as innovative view of society. In most of the cases, it looks for privileged people including rich, white men likewise. Critical theory in education reveals the educational system for offering best education for all people (Biddle Emmett, 2012). It mainly aims at offering better opportunities as well as understanding of innovative perspectives in way of disadvantaged members of society as a whole. Post modernism Post-modernism considers as accusations indicating clear evolution from postmodern view at the same time. Postmodern concerning epistemic foundations like positivistic sciences in way of self-possessed identities. It resists in form of dominant form in oppressive cultures for own lives (Biddle Emmett, 2011). Justification of using research methods or philosophy Researchers mainly assume Post-Positivism philosophy for their independency nature and objectivity at the same time. Independent requires maintaining minimal interaction involving research participants for carrying out research in certain way. Post-Positivism Paradigm mainly based upon facts as well as external objectives in an overall manner (Barone Eisner, 2011). Post-Positivism philosophy includes fast speed at the time of conducting research y researchers and covers wide range of situations in the near future. Research Methods Deductive Approach includes bringing out specialized concepts in the study. It aims at testing theories whereas inductive approach concerns with generations with emerging data collection methods for the same. Deductive approach mainly begins with hypothesis whereas inductive approach uses research questions for the scope of the study (Onwuegbuzie, Johnson Collins, 2012). Deductive approach emphasis upon casualty whereas inductive approach focuses on exploring new phenomena from new perspectives. In this particular study, researchers use deductive approach as it requires specific assumptions on the current study. Research Design Research Design is the study including descriptive, correlation as well as experimental and meta-analytical ways. Descriptive research helps in describing characteristics out of given population as well as phenomenon for future analysis purpose. Explanatory research design involves in describing the study by exploring new ideas as well as designs by the researchers (Onwuegbuzie, Johnson Collins, 2012). It conducts descriptive research in increasing knowledge based upon the current study in practice. Explanatory research aims at explaining connected ideas for understanding the cause and effect relationship by the researchers in an overall manner. This research requires using of descriptive research as each aspects requires detailed investigation for best possible outcomes in the future. Data Collection Methods Data Collection is considered as one of the important aspects in the research activities. Inaccurate data collection methods adversely affect resulted study as well as lead to invalid results (Barone Eisner, 2011). These methods affect evaluation process varying along with continuum. It includes quantitative as well as qualitative research methods for analysis purpose. Quantitative and Qualitative Data Collection Methods Quantitative data collection methods depends largely in on random sampling as well as structured data collection instruments in fitting diverse predetermined response categories. It helps in producing results in summarized as well as generalized form (Barone Eisner, 2011). This particular research methods concerns directly with testing hypothesis as derived from theory implications as well as estimating sizes interest phenomenon in the most appropriate way. It widely depends upon the research question for random assigning ways in various treatments. Researchers requires in collecting data on participant as well as situational characteristics for statistical control in an effective way. It generalizes ways from research participants in relation with larger population. Quantitative data collection strategies include experiments, clinical trials as well as observing and recording well-defined events. It obtains relevant data in form of management information systems. It requires admini stering questionnaires by asking closed-ended questions. It includes face-to-face interviews as well as questionnaires in the particular study. As far as quantitative data collection is concerned, researchers distributes questionnaire to 7 teachers (Biddle Emmett, 2011). It identifies the respondents response for understanding impact of teaching accents at the time of teaching early graders. Qualitative data collection methods play an important role for information evaluation in observed results as well as assessing people perceptions. Qualitative methods improve quality of survey based questionnaire evaluations. It helps in generating hypothesis evaluation for design strengthening in case of questionnaire analysis (Biddle Emmett, 2011). This particular method helps in asking open-ended questions to the respondents at the time of interview. Researchers changes data collection strategy by adding dropping techniques for future analysis purpose. Researchers rely upon heavy iterative interviews for solving particular issues as well as checking reliability data. It uses triangulation for increased credibility of findings. Researchers mostly uses multiple data collection methods for checking on the authenticity of results. It generally brings out the findings for generalizing specific population for seeking specific patterns for solving same issues. In case of qualitative dat a collection methods, researchers have asked interview questions to 5 teachers for gathering facts on viewpoint. Interview is taken from the most experienced teachers at school for gathering facts on realistic basis (Weingarten Penat, 2012). Experienced teachers spend students that are comparatively more timeserving as well as school. Teaching profession comes under service sector so teachers serve the students for bright future. At the time of research, researchers requires in using MS Excel for studying current research proposal. Accessibility Issues It is important to understand the fact that researcher faces issues at the time of conducting research. At the time of interview, teachers are not free for giving answers and time constraint reasons (Biddle Emmett, 2011). It may give rise to irritation from the side of respondents that hampers smooth research process in each possible ways. Ethical Consideration At the time of the research, researchers should maintain confidentiality of information. Data protection act will punish researchers for misusing information as far as possible (Biddle Emmett, 2011). Expected Research Outcomes With limited time constraints, researchers find it difficult to conduct in-depth analysis in the current study. Expected research outcomes requires more time for conducting proper evaluation researching single aspect in detailed ways. It lacks enough resources that requires in implementation of research methods (Onwuegbuzie, Johnson Collins, 2012). Future study should arrange for additional resources for proper functioning of research process in desired way. Extended future research should focus teacher contribution in student life for career development process in the near future. It is expected for conducting teaching survey whereby teachers are given privilege in participation and making valid point at the time of research. The government for making the teaching profession in successful form should give more emphasis (Weingarten Penat, 2012). Reference List Barone, T. Eisner, E. (2011).Arts Based Research. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. Biddle, J. Emmett, R. (2011).Research in the history of economic thought and methodology. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Biddle, J. Emmett, R. (2012).Research in the history of economic thought and methodology. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Columbus, A. (2012).Advances in psychology research. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Crossan, F. (2012). Research philosophy: towards an understanding.Nurse researcher,11(1), 46-55. Crossan, F. (2013). Research philosophy: towards an understanding.Nurse researcher,11(1), 46-55. Holden, M. T., Lynch, P. (2012). Choosing the appropriate methodology: understanding research philosophy.The marketing review,4(4), 397-409. Knapp, T. (2012).Quantitative nursing research. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Knapp, T. (2013).Quantitative nursing research. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Kuada, J. (2012) Research methodology. Kumar, R. (2011).Research methodology. Los Angeles: SAGE. Mayer, T. Steneck, N. (2012).Promoting research integrity in a global environment. Hackensack, N.J.: World Scientific. Muijs, D. (2012).Doing quantitative research in education with SPSS. London: SAGE. Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Johnson, R. B., Collins, K. M. (2012). Call for mixed analysis: A philosophical framework for combining qualitative and quantitative approaches.International journal of multiple research approaches,3(2), 114-139. Persson, J. (2012). Misconceptions of positivism and five unnecessary science theoretic mistakes they bring in their train.International journal of nursing studies,47(5), 651-661. Ponterotto, J. G. (2012). Qualitative research in counseling psychology: A primer on research paradigms and philosophy of science.Journal of counseling psychology,52(2), 126. Supino, P. Borer, J. (2012).Principles of research methodology. New York, NY: Springer. Swearengen, J. (2012).Biodefense. Boca Raton: Taylor Francis. Walt, J. L. V. D., Potgieter, F. J. (2012). Research method in education: The frame by which the picture hangs.International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches,6(3), 220-232.

The African American Journey free essay sample

The history of African Americans is, to a significant degree, the history of the United States. Black people accompanied the first explorers, and a black man was among the first to die in the American Revolution. The United States, with more than 38 million Blacks, has the eighth-largest Black population in the world. Despite the large number, Blacks in this country have had almost no role in major national and political decisions and have been allowed only a peripheral role in many crucial decisions that influenced their own destiny. The Black experience, in what came to be the United States, began as something less than citizenship, but was â€Å"considered slightly better than slavery† (Schaefer, 2006, p. 184). In 1619, 20 Africans arrived in Jamestown as indentured servants or slaves. Their status was not clearly known, even to the people who were living at that time. By 1640, at least one African had been declared a slave. This African was ordered by the court to serve his said master or his assigns for the time of his natural life here or elsewhere. We will write a custom essay sample on The African American Journey or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"Within a generation race, not religion was being made the defining characteristic of enslaved Virginians. The terrible transformation to racial slavery was underway (Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), (n. d. )). † During the early 17th century, there were no laws that defined the rights, or the lack of rights, of blacks. â€Å"Virginia was being held back. Thanks to tobacco, it had the means to make money. What was needed, though, were laborers laborers to clear fields, to plant and harvest crops. During the 1620s and 1630s, when the price of tobacco was high and English workers had too few jobs available at home, Virginia found its supply of labor in England. Then after 1660 the value of tobacco dropped and the Great Plague reduced Englands population. In addition, a terrible fire in London destroyed much of the city and created new jobs at home for construction workers of all sorts. No longer able to lure their own countrymen, Virginians looked toward African labor, following the pattern established by the Spanish and Portuguese more than a century before. Gradually the plantation owners perspective became more aligned with that of the plantation owners of the Caribbean Islands. Because they were not Christians, blacks could be forced to work for the rest of their lives and be punished with impunity. Moreover, the color of their skin set them apart, making it easy to identify runaways. Also, there was a seemingly inexhaustible supply of Africans, and since little information flowed back across the Atlantic, mistreatment and abuse in America did not alter the flow of enslaved persons from Africa. Slowly the number of blacks grew in Virginia. In 1625 there were only 23. In 1650 there were about three hundred. By 1700, more than a thousand Africans were being brought into the colony every year. These numbers would increase dramatically in the years to come (Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), (n. d. )). † The transformation of indentured servitude to racial slavery didnt happen overnight, it was not until 1661, when a reference to slavery entered into Virginia law. The following year, the colony went one step further by stating that children that were born would be bonded or free according to the status of the mother. The transformation had begun; it was not until the Slave Codes of 1705 that the status of African Americans was sealed. The Trans-Atlantic Slave trade began big business for all. As economies began to flourish from the gains of sugar, cotton, and tobacco fields, so did the need to accommodate the lavish and wealthy with laborers. In 1660, the English government chartered a company called the Company of Royal Adventurers Trading to Africa. The Company did not fare well, and in 1667, it collapsed. But out of its ashes emerged a new company: The Royal African Company. Founded in 1672, the Royal African Company was granted a similar monopoly in the slave trade. Between 1680 and 1686, the Company transported an average of 5,000 slaves a year. Between 1680 and 1688, it had sponsored at least 249 voyages to Africa. By the end of the 17th century, England led the world in the trafficking of slaves. Over the next three centuries African Americans endured prejudice, segregation, and racism- because of race, not religion which was the defining characteristic of the enslaved. In sharp contrast to the basic rights and privileges enjoyed by White Americans, Black people lived in bondage and under a system of repression and terror. Slavery was not merely a single aspect of American society; it has continuously been an essential part of this country’s life. For nearly half of this country’s history, slavery was not only tolerated but legally protected by the United States Constitution as interpreted by the United States Supreme Court. Because the institution of slavery was so fundamental to culture, it continues to influence Black-White relations to this day. Some progress has occurred, and some of the advances are nothing short of remarkable, however, the deprivation of the African American people relative to Whites remains. A significant gap remains between African Americans and the dominant group, and to this gap a price is assigned: the price of being African Americans in the United States. African Americans have been affected by almost all of forms of discrimination, 1) dual labor market- a theory that is an explanation of the inequality that exists in the labor market; 2) environmental justice issues- refers to an equitable spatial distribution of burdens and benefits to groups such as racial minorities, residents of economically disadvantaged areas, or residents of developing nations. Environmental justice proponents generally view the environment as encompassing where we live, work, and play (sometimes pray and learn are also included) and seek to redress inequitable distributions of environmental burdens (pollution, industrial facilities, crime, etc. and equitably , root causes of environmental injustices include institutionalized racism; the co-modification of land, water, energy and air; unresponsive, unaccountable government policies and regulation; and lack of resources and power in affected communities; 3) affirmative action- policies that take race, ethnicity, physical disabilities, military career, sex, or a persons parents social class into consideration in an attempt to promote equal opportunity or increase ethnicity or other forms of diversity. The focus of such policies ranges from employment and education to public contracting and health programs; 4) redlining- is the practice of denying, or increasing the cost of, services such as banking, insurance, access to jobs, access to health care, or even supermarkets to residents in certain, often racially determined, areas; 5) double jeopardy- race and gender barriers that still exist, to a large degree, in terms of advancement at higher level positions; 6) institutional discrimination- hold that discrimination and segregation in the United States housing market have endured despite the condemnation of discriminatory practices. Institutionalized, or systematic, racism has been shown to occur even though overt racist policies have been discontinued. Race is the biggest factor in residential segregation, not class. Socioeconomic factors generally do not keep from desegregating communities. Non-discriminatory policies have been created in order to help desegregate neighborhoods, and help everyone purchase homes. However, most of the policies created to help African Americans and other minorities have done little to help, and in some cases even hurt them more; and 5) glass ceilings- The glass ceiling refers to the barriers that often confront Ethnic Americans and women in trying to reach the upper echelons of corporate America, because: â€Å"African Americans have advanced in formal schooling to a remarkable degree, although in most areas residential patterns have left many public schools predominantly Black or White. Higher education also reflects the legacy of a nation that has operated two schooling systems: one for Blacks and another for Whites. Gains in earning power have barely kept pace with inflation, and the gap between Whites and Blacks has remained largely unchanged. African American families are susceptible to the problems associated with a low-income group that also faces discrimination and prejudice. Housing in many areas remains segregated, despite growing numbers of Blacks in suburban areas. African Americans are more likely to be victims of crimes and to be arrested for violent crimes. The subordination of Blacks is also apparent in health care delivery. African Americans have made substantial gains in elective office but still are underrepresented compared with their numbers in the general population† (Schaefer, 2006). African Americans are said to be the primary cause of 1) reverse discrimination- discrimination against members of a dominant or majority group, or in favor of members of a minority or historically disadvantaged group. Groups may be defined in terms of race, gender, ethnicity, or other factors. This discrimination may seek to redress social inequalities where minority groups have been denied access to the same privileges of the majority group, because we want equality! I culturally identify more with African Americans because I was born an African American; I have lived as an African American; and being a United States citizen, worked in America as an African American. My expertise in the subject manner of being African American speaks for itself. In conclusion, the history of African Americans is, to a significant degree, the history of the United States. Black people accompanied the first explorers and a black man was among the first to die in the American Revolution. The African American Journey free essay sample The history of African Americans is, to a significant degree, the history of the United States. Black people accompanied the first explorers, and a black man was among the first to die in the American Revolution. The United States, with more than 38 million Blacks, has the eighth-largest Black population in the world. Despite the large number, Blacks in this country have had almost no role in major national and political decisions and have been allowed only a peripheral role in many crucial decisions that influenced their own destiny. The Black experience, in what came to be the United States, began as something less than citizenship, but was â€Å"considered slightly better than slavery† (Schaefer, 2006, p. 184). In 1619, 20 Africans arrived in Jamestown as indentured servants or slaves. Their status was not clearly known, even to the people who were living at that time. By 1640, at least one African had been declared a slave. This African was ordered by the court to serve his said master or his assigns for the time of his natural life here or elsewhere. We will write a custom essay sample on The African American Journey or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"Within a generation race, not religion was being made the defining characteristic of enslaved Virginians. The terrible transformation to racial slavery was underway (Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), (n. d. )). † During the early 17th century, there were no laws that defined the rights, or the lack of rights, of blacks. â€Å"Virginia was being held back. Thanks to tobacco, it had the means to make money. What was needed, though, were laborers laborers to clear fields, to plant and harvest crops. During the 1620s and 1630s, when the price of tobacco was high and English workers had too few jobs available at home, Virginia found its supply of labor in England. Then after 1660 the value of tobacco dropped and the Great Plague reduced Englands population. In addition, a terrible fire in London destroyed much of the city and created new jobs at home for construction workers of all sorts. No longer able to lure their own countrymen, Virginians looked toward African labor, following the pattern established by the Spanish and Portuguese more than a century before. Gradually the plantation owners perspective became more aligned with that of the plantation owners of the Caribbean Islands. Because they were not Christians, blacks could be forced to work for the rest of their lives and be punished with impunity. Moreover, the color of their skin set them apart, making it easy to identify runaways. Also, there was a seemingly inexhaustible supply of Africans, and since little information flowed back across the Atlantic, mistreatment and abuse in America did not alter the flow of enslaved persons from Africa. Slowly the number of blacks grew in Virginia. In 1625 there were only 23. In 1650 there were about three hundred. By 1700, more than a thousand Africans were being brought into the colony every year. These numbers would increase dramatically in the years to come (Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), (n. d. )). † The transformation of indentured servitude to racial slavery didnt happen overnight, it was not until 1661, when a reference to slavery entered into Virginia law. The following year, the colony went one step further by stating that children that were born would be bonded or free according to the status of the mother. The transformation had begun; it was not until the Slave Codes of 1705 that the status of African Americans was sealed. The Trans-Atlantic Slave trade began big business for all. As economies began to flourish from the gains of sugar, cotton, and tobacco fields, so did the need to accommodate the lavish and wealthy with laborers. In 1660, the English government chartered a company called the Company of Royal Adventurers Trading to Africa. The Company did not fare well, and in 1667, it collapsed. But out of its ashes emerged a new company: The Royal African Company. Founded in 1672, the Royal African Company was granted a similar monopoly in the slave trade. Between 1680 and 1686, the Company transported an average of 5,000 slaves a year. Between 1680 and 1688, it had sponsored at least 249 voyages to Africa. By the end of the 17th century, England led the world in the trafficking of slaves. Over the next three centuries African Americans endured prejudice, segregation, and racism- because of race, not religion which was the defining characteristic of the enslaved. In sharp contrast to the basic rights and privileges enjoyed by White Americans, Black people lived in bondage and under a system of repression and terror. Slavery was not merely a single aspect of American society; it has continuously been an essential part of this country’s life. For nearly half of this country’s history, slavery was not only tolerated but legally protected by the United States Constitution as interpreted by the United States Supreme Court. Because the institution of slavery was so fundamental to culture, it continues to influence Black-White relations to this day. Some progress has occurred, and some of the advances are nothing short of remarkable, however, the deprivation of the African American people relative to Whites remains. A significant gap remains between African Americans and the dominant group, and to this gap a price is assigned: the price of being African Americans in the United States. African Americans have been affected by almost all of forms of discrimination, 1) dual labor market- a theory that is an explanation of the inequality that exists in the labor market; 2) environmental justice issues- refers to an equitable spatial distribution of burdens and benefits to groups such as racial minorities, residents of economically disadvantaged areas, or residents of developing nations. Environmental justice proponents generally view the environment as encompassing where we live, work, and play (sometimes pray and learn are also included) and seek to redress inequitable distributions of environmental burdens (pollution, industrial facilities, crime, etc. and equitably , root causes of environmental injustices include institutionalized racism; the co-modification of land, water, energy and air; unresponsive, unaccountable government policies and regulation; and lack of resources and power in affected communities; 3) affirmative action- policies that take race, ethnicity, physical disabilities, military career, sex, or a persons parents social class into consideration in an attempt to promote equal opportunity or increase ethnicity or other forms of diversity. The focus of such policies ranges from employment and education to public contracting and health programs; 4) redlining- is the practice of denying, or increasing the cost of, services such as banking, insurance, access to jobs, access to health care, or even supermarkets to residents in certain, often racially determined, areas; 5) double jeopardy- race and gender barriers that still exist, to a large degree, in terms of advancement at higher level positions; 6) institutional discrimination- hold that discrimination and segregation in the United States housing market have endured despite the condemnation of discriminatory practices. Institutionalized, or systematic, racism has been shown to occur even though overt racist policies have been discontinued. Race is the biggest factor in residential segregation, not class. Socioeconomic factors generally do not keep from desegregating communities. Non-discriminatory policies have been created in order to help desegregate neighborhoods, and help everyone purchase homes. However, most of the policies created to help African Americans and other minorities have done little to help, and in some cases even hurt them more; and 5) glass ceilings- The glass ceiling refers to the barriers that often confront Ethnic Americans and women in trying to reach the upper echelons of corporate America, because: â€Å"African Americans have advanced in formal schooling to a remarkable degree, although in most areas residential patterns have left many public schools predominantly Black or White. Higher education also reflects the legacy of a nation that has operated two schooling systems: one for Blacks and another for Whites. Gains in earning power have barely kept pace with inflation, and the gap between Whites and Blacks has remained largely unchanged. African American families are susceptible to the problems associated with a low-income group that also faces discrimination and prejudice. Housing in many areas remains segregated, despite growing numbers of Blacks in suburban areas. African Americans are more likely to be victims of crimes and to be arrested for violent crimes. The subordination of Blacks is also apparent in health care delivery. African Americans have made substantial gains in elective office but still are underrepresented compared with their numbers in the general population† (Schaefer, 2006). African Americans are said to be the primary cause of 1) reverse discrimination- discrimination against members of a dominant or majority group, or in favor of members of a minority or historically disadvantaged group. Groups may be defined in terms of race, gender, ethnicity, or other factors. This discrimination may seek to redress social inequalities where minority groups have been denied access to the same privileges of the majority group, because we want equality! I culturally identify more with African Americans because I was born an African American; I have lived as an African American; and being a United States citizen, worked in America as an African American. My expertise in the subject manner of being African American speaks for itself. In conclusion, the history of African Americans is, to a significant degree, the history of the United States. Black people accompanied the first explorers and a black man was among the first to die in the American Revolution. The United States, with more than 38 million Blacks, has one of the largest Black populations in the world. Despite the large number, Blacks in this country have had almost no role in major national and political decisions and have been allowed only a peripheral role in many crucial decisions that influence our own destiny.