Tuesday, March 10, 2020
Business environment The WritePass Journal
Business environment Introduction Business environment IntroductionInternal Environment:Macro EnvironmentPolitical EnvironmentThe Socio-Cultural EnvironmentThe Technological EnvironmentMicro EnvironmentCustomersEmployeesSuppliersShareholdersMediaCompetitorsExternal EnvironmentMain FactorsChanging External EnvironmentBusiness and CompetitionSocial Environment and ResponsibilityConclusionBibliography Related Introduction generally th it is to beà understood by saying business environment is that circumstanse where business runsà or do its operations generally business environment can be divided in tow sectors one of them is external environmentswhich is known as PESTEL to academics another is internal environment which is more familiar as SWOT. Business environment show two kind of environment of business. Richman Copensaysthat the most important two part of business environment is External environment and internal environment. Lanworthington and chrisbritton say two kind of environment are Macro and micro environment of business environment. Internal Environment: Business has got an internal environment that was first identified by French physiologist Claude Bernard (1813ââ¬â78), Adrian palmer Bob Hartley rightly said Micro environment and Macro environment is the part of internal environment. Richman and Copen, mention that Primary Activities and Support Activities are the part of internal environment. Macro Environment It is to be understood by macro environment is the outer elements of the business such as political, economical, social and so on, for most of the cases business has no control on macro environment. Political Environment Political environment has an important impact on the business. Political environment is not stable and can change quickly. The political environment in which the firm operates (or plan to operate) will have a significant impact on a companys international marketing activities. The greater the level of involvement in a foreign markets, the greater the need to monitor the political climate of the countries business is conducted. Changes in government often result in changes in policy and attitudes towards foreign business. Adrian palmer Bob Hartley explain Political environment include PEST Political System: The basic role of a political system is to integrate the parts of a society into a viable functioning unit, bringing together people of different ethnic or other backgrounds and allow them to work together to govern themselves. Political systems are founded upon political policies, which are established by combining different points of view that are articulated by key constituencies, such as politicians, businesses, or other special-interest groups.1.Totalitarian state, 2.Democratic State Economic forecast: Business is a micro economic unit. The only function of economic forecasting is to make astrology look respectable. John Kenneth Galbraith US (Canadian-born) administrator economist (1908 2006) Social forecast: The term Social Forecasting is not a recent addition to business vocabulary. The use of social forecasting stems from recognition that social pressures are becoming an increasing determinant for the success of any organization. The various indicators indicate that the society will be experiencing a total change in next few years. Some of these changes have to be anticipated and must be incorporated in any long-range plans of an organization. Economic forecasting is essentially concerned with modelling how people behave using financial criteria as a means for maximising welfare. It is dependent on certain assumption of people behaviour. Elements for social forecast is1.Identification of important phenomenon, 2.Selection of phenomena for deeper study, 3.A system of measurement, 4.A time-scale Technology: Information technology refers to the management and use of information using computer-based tools. It includes acquiring, processing, storing, and distributing information. Most commonly it is a term used to refer to business applications of computer technology, rather than scientific applications. The term is used broadly in business to refer to anything that ties into the use of computers. The Socio-Cultural Environment This is perhaps the most difficult element of the macro-environment to evaluate, manifesting itself in changing tastes, purchasing behavior and changing priorities. The type of goods and services demanded by consumers is a function of their social conditioning and their consequent attitudes and beliefs. Core cultural values are those firmly established within a society and are therefore difficult to change. They are perpetuated through family, the church, education and the institutions of society and act as relatively fixed parameters within which marketing firms are forced to operate. Secondary cultural values, however, tend to be less strong and therefore more likely to undergo change. Generally, social change is preceded by changes over time in a societyââ¬â¢s secondary cultural values, for example the change in social attitude towards credit. As recently as the 1960s, personal credit, or hire purchase as is sometimes known, was generally frowned upon and people having such arrangements tended not to discuss it in public. Today, offering instant credit has become an integral part of marketing, with many of us regularly using credit cards and store accounts. Indeed, for many people it is often the availability and terms of credit offered that are major factors in deciding to pu rchase a particular product. The Technological Environment One example of how technological change has affected marketing activities is in the development of electronic point of sale (EPOS) data capture at the retail level. The ââ¬Ëlaser checkoutââ¬â¢ reads a bar code on the product being purchased and stores information that is used to analyze sales and re-order stock, as well as giving customers a printed readout of what they have purchased and the price charged. Manufacturers of fast-moving consumer goods, particularly packaged grocery products, have been forced to respond to these technological innovations by incorporating bar codes on their product labels or packaging. In this way, a change in the technological environment has affected the products and services that firms produce and the way in which firms carry out their business operations. So technology, has an great impactà business its potential for the business to updated with the technology all the tme Micro Environment Customers Organizations survive on the basis of meeting the needs, wants and providing benefits for their customers. Failure to do so will result in a failed business strategy. Employees The main element of micro environment is employees because it the force which move other resources of the organization, they have the controlling power of mobility. Suppliers su Figure 1Micro Environmental Factor/Stakeholder Analysis Supplier got the bargain power , that is why they are potential to the business. The have the power of controlling demands.à Good relationship with supplier may facilitate business development. Shareholders Share holders for the public limited company and private limited company`s are important, because by law they are the partial owner of the organization, as result the got the voting power to select the governing comity those who run the business on their behalf. Media Positive or adverse media attention on an organizations product or service can in some cases make or break an organization. Consumer programmers with a wider and more direct audience can also have a very powerful and positive impact, forcing organizations to change their tactics. Competitors Business rivals are need to be consider in business environment, because their strategic plan promotion and policy affects the organization. External Environment A business does not function in a vacuum. It has to act and react to what happens outside the factory and office walls. These factors that happen outside the business are known as external factors or influences. These will affect the main internal functions of the business and possibly the objectives of the business and its strategies. Main Factors The main factor that affects most business is the degree of competition ââ¬â how fiercely other businesses compete with the products that another business makes. The other factors that can affect the business are: Social ââ¬â ultimateââ¬â¢s buyer, households and communities behave and their beliefs. For instance, changes in attitude towards health, or a greater number of pensioners in a population. Legal ââ¬ânew legislation in society affects the business. E.g. changes in employment laws on working hours. Economic ââ¬âeconomy affects a business in terms of taxation, government spending, general demand, interest rates, exchange rates and European and global economic factors. Political ââ¬â changes in government policy might affect the business e.g. a decision to subsidies building new houses in an area could be good for a local brick works. Technological ââ¬â rapid pace of change in production processes and product innovation affect a business. Ethical ââ¬â what is regarded as morally right or wrong for a business to do? For instance should it trade with countries which have a poor record on human rights? Changing External Environment Markets are changing all the time. It does depend on the type of product the business produces, however a business needs to react or lose customers. Some of the main reasons why markets change rapidly: Customers develop new needs and wants. New competitors enter a market. New technologies mean that new products can be made. A world or countrywide event happen e.g. Gulf War or foot and mouth disease. Government introduces new legislation e.g. increases minimum wage. Business and Competition Though a business does not want competition from other businesses, inevitably most will face a degree of competition. The amount and type of competition depends on the market the business operates in: Many small rival businesses ââ¬â e.g. a shopping mall or city centre arcade ââ¬â close rivalry. A few large rival firms ââ¬â e.g. washing powder or Coke and Pepsi. A rapidly changing market ââ¬â e.g. where the technology is being developed very quickly the mobile phone market. A business could react to an increase in competition (e.g. a launch of rival product) in the following ways: Cut prices (but can reduce profits) Improve quality (but increases costs) Spend more on promotion (e.g. do more advertising, increase brand loyalty; but costs money) Cut costs, e.g. use cheaper materials, make some workers redundan Social Environment and Responsibility Social change is when the people in the community adjust their attitudes to way they live. Businesses will need to adjust their products to meet these changes, e.g. taking sugar out of childrenââ¬â¢s drinks, because parents feel their children are having too much sugar in their diets. The business also needs to be aware of their social responsibilities. These are the way they act towards the different parts of society that they come into contact with. Legislation covers a number of the areas of responsibility that a business has with its customers, employees and other businesses. It is also important to consider the effects a business can have on the local community. These are known as the social benefits and social costs. Conclusion The topic was about Business Environment. Topic gives a brief of Internal and external environment and some critical analysis of them. Differentà à issue stand base of topics. How business environment run? what r the process?à Whatà based on business environment? These were the assignment was about. à Bibliography Drucker, Peter. Managing the nonprofit organization, New York: Harper Collins, 1990. Frumkin, Peter. Philanthropic leverage. Society, Volume 37, p40, Transaction Publishers, September 2000. The business and marketing environment / Adrian Palmer and Bob Hartley London; New York: McGraw-Hill, c1996.à Xiii, 340 p.: ill. ; 25 cm. Bib ID- 2721834. articlesnatch.com Boone, L., Kurtz, D. 1992. Contemporary Marketing. Fort Worth, TX: Dryden Press. Developing Your Strategic SWOT Analysis. Austrainer. 1999. austrainer.com/archives/1397.htm. (5 Dec. 1999). Ferrell, O., Hartline, M., Lucas, G., Luck, D. 1998. Marketing Strategy. Orlando, FL: Dryden Press. SWOT Analysis- Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats. PMI- Plus, Minus, Interesting. 1999. mindtools.com/swot.html. (5 Dec. 1999). Swotingâ⬠Your Way to Success. BHC. 1999. bradhuckelco.com.au/swot.htm. (5 Dec. 1999).
Saturday, February 22, 2020
Essay for Univerisity Masters Application on Myself and why i want to
For Univerisity Masters Application on Myself and why i want to apply - Essay Example In taking a Bachelor of Arts in Global Management, my eyes have been opened to the world of possibilities that are really out there. Learning from my instructors and fellow classmates has been the most enjoyable experience of my time so far because I get the opportunity to learn each day, which is something I think that only a rare few of us ever get to take advantage of. My time in education so far has instilled a strong work ethic that was not previously as strong before. The results that I have achieved pay testament to a new change of mindset, and it is something that I will look to carry on well into the future now that I have witnessed firsthand the benefits of implementing such a change. Although university has been great from an analytical point of view, it has been the opportunity to gain real world experience that has done wonders for my knowledge and confidence. I secured my first notable employment in 2011 at Siza Holdings, where I learnt the various aspects of office administration. At first I felt like I was thrown into the deep end, but in hindsight this was actually a positive step for me because it forced me to grow up very fast. I quickly learnt how to deal with mail and filing and also to respond to emails. The two years that I worked at Siza gave me a solid working base from which I have added to further. Over the summers of 2012 and 2013, I was fortunate enough to diversify my working experience with Club Interiors and interning with Royal Spades. These opportunities showed me a different side of the management field. Although I was only there for a short time, Club Interiors was invaluable for me both personally and professionally because I was working as a personal assistant to a junior designer there. While I was not actively involved in discussions with clients, I was able to observe and ask many questions of the PA who I was working alongside. The following year at Royal Spades was a great time for
Thursday, February 6, 2020
Illegal immigrants who commited violent crimes and have U.S. Citizen Essay
Illegal immigrants who commited violent crimes and have U.S. Citizen - Essay Example America's ââ¬Å"Birth Right citizenshipâ⬠rule is protected by the Fourteenth Amendment and has turn illegal immigration not only into a gray area, but a sad one for those illegal immigrant status parents who are forcibly separated from their children who are then placed in the foster care system. From January to June of 2011, more than 46,000 parents with illegal immigrant status were deported by ICE with 21,860 parents asked to leave the country but leave their children as well. These parents are mostly illegals who have violent crime convictions as the government has chosen to concentrate on the the reasons for deportation rather than just simply basing the deportation on not having legal documents to be residing in the United States(Gonzales, ââ¬Å"Report: 22% of Deportees Have U.S. Born Childrenâ⬠). One must point out that the Obama administration has been the most compassionate when addressing the issue of illegal immigrant parent status for the American born childr en. According to Gonzales (ââ¬Å" ââ¬Å"Report: 22% of Deportees Have U.S. Born Childrenâ⬠): ICE statistics show that 74% of the 46,486 parents of U.S.-citizen children deported had been convicted of crimes. Another 13% had been previously removed from the country, and 4% were fugitives ââ¬â immigrants who failed to comply with deportation orders. As proven by the aforementioned statistics, selective deportation may be the key to controlling our illegal immigrant problem in terms of those having U.S. born children. It is an acknowledged fact that being born on U.S. soil does not automatically bestow citizenship on the parents of the child. But it does so for the child and by deporting the parents and keeping the child on U.S. soil, our government has a hand in one of the most inhuman and cruel acts that can be committed by an individual. That of separating a parent from a child and breaking up a family. Further complicating the situation, is the fact that the Fourteenth A mendment, which was drafted after the Civil War in order to ensure that the citizenship of freed slaves and their descendants would be protected. The ââ¬Å"birth rightâ⬠law has not seen even an iota of amending since it was conceived and thus serves the purpose of the illegal immigrants whose children are born in the United States. This is because the law was enacted during the time when the United States still had vast resources in terms of land, food, water, etc., and thus had unregulated immigration. Since our government has kept that law intact to this very day, then the government has no right to deport illegal immigrant status parents from the country (ââ¬Å"Should Birth Right Citizenship Be Denied for U.S. Born Children of Illegal Immigrants?â⬠). This unamendended law has become the basis of heartlessness within our government in terms of dealing with illegal immigrant status parents. In fact, it was U.S. Rep. Lucille Roybal-Allard, D-Calif who said that the repo rt on the statistics pertaining to the illegal immigrant parent removals shows: ââ¬Å"... the terrible toll our broken immigration system is taking on families...We can't continue to claim to value families while deporting parents in the tens of thousands.â⬠(Gonzales, ââ¬Å"Stats Detail Deportation of Parentsâ⬠). The problems posed by the situation are clear to all those concerned. The real question is, ââ¬Å"
Tuesday, January 28, 2020
Credit Protection and Identity Theft Essay Example for Free
Credit Protection and Identity Theft Essay If you find errors on your credit report, what steps would you take to correct them? Steps we can take include writing to the credit reporting company describing what we feel is inaccurate on our credit. If we do this the agency must investigate the claim. After the investigation is complete they will send us written results with a copy of our credit report if any changes had been made. Another way we can try and correct information is by contacting and disputing any information directly with the lender. If a lender does not resolve our problem then we can request that the lender attach a statement about the dispute for every time they report the credit agency. There are many organizations that claim they will repair your credit for a fee. From your readings, should someone use a credit repair service? Why or why not? What are some actions these organizations can take that should be a red flag? Have you, a family member, or a friend been a victim of identity theft? How did it happen? Describe the resolution process- ex. how much time did it take, what credit damage was corrected? I have never been a victim of identity theft nor do I know anybody who has. From what I have read the resolution process can be long and painful mentally and physically. It could also take a very long time as in years if not caught in time. We would have to contact lenders and close out and dispute anything that was not of our knowledge. I believe then an investigation will start and if the person is ever caught then they can begin on recovering your credit and removing whatever credit was used without your knowledge. Any credit we knowingly used is still our responsibility to repay. Using the FTC site, what can you do to minimize the chance of your identity getting stolen? According to the website we should keep record of our account numbers and phone numbers to contact the lender in case we feel fraud or an inaccuracy has occurred. We should shred any receipts and documents that contain important information that we plan on throwing away. A smart thing to do would be to carry some cards separate from our wallet in case our wallet gets lost. We should check our bills often and compare receipts to our statements to make sure they match and no errors occur. If we move we need to notify the lender of this so someone else doesnt get our mail and can possibly steal any sensitive information contained in the bill.
Monday, January 20, 2020
Grapes of Wrath Jim Casy The Silent Philosopher :: essays papers
Grapes of Wrath Jim Casy The Silent Philosopher Jim Casy: The Silent Philosopher It is a widely accepted theory, in numerous areas of study, that a whole is the sum of its parts. It has also been acknowledged that the reaction formed by a combination of forces is greater than the sum of the individual forces. Such a synergistic principle has become a strong motive behind many incidents in history, in which individuals have assembled into a group to become an increasingly powerful and influential force. This is the case in John Steinbeckââ¬â¢s The Grapes of Wrath, in which thousands of farmers are affected by the economical, climatic, and agricultural crises of the 1930ââ¬â¢s and forced to migrate to the promising valleys of California. As these migrants make their long, arduous journey across the deserts of America, they are faced with numerous predicaments, most of which place them on the brink of survival. In the end, they learn that it is their love for one another and their togetherness that will allow them to complete the journey and fulfill their lon g-lived dreams. As the story progresses, a marked growth becomes evident among each character as they make the transition from an ââ¬Å"Iâ⬠level of thinking to a ââ¬Å"weâ⬠level of thinking. One such character is the itinerant preacher, Jim Casy. Although his actions are not directly influential to the storyââ¬â¢s plot, it is his philosophies and outlooks on life and religion that affect the events, as well as the other characters, in the story. Perhaps the most significant theme interpreted from the journey of the Joad family is that of the shift from the ââ¬Å"Iâ⬠to the â⬠weâ⬠mentality. This concept results mainly from the mutual relationships formed between the migrants and their willingness to help one another. As the migrants progress on their journey, their concern for the well being of others overshadows their concerns for themselves. Their actions become completely altruistic and intended to protect the functionality of the migrant force as a whole. They readily make sacrifices to one another and work to create mutual bonds that help one another survive. Another aspect of the ââ¬Å"Iâ⬠to ââ¬Å"weâ⬠transition is that of the togetherness of the migrant families and the unions formed between them. As the migrants begin to face the all the same hardships and dilemmas, they begin to organize and function as a single unit. The individuals among this unit are capable of helping one another a nd advancing the progress off the whole unit.
Sunday, January 12, 2020
Epic Works Essay
Epics by definition are long narrative poems, that are grand in both theme and style (Webster 417). They usually involve actions of great glory and are typically centered around historical or legendary events of universal significance. Most epics deal with the deeds of a single individual, however, it is not uncommon to have more than one main character. Epics embody several main features including: supernatural forces, sometimes the deity of the time, that shape the action; battles or other forms of physical combat; and a formal statement of the theme of the epic. Everyday details of life are commonplace and intricately woven into the background of each story in the same palatial style as the rest of the poem. Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial point in its history. I have chosen for comparison the Odyssey, The Divine Comedy, and Paradise Lost. The Odyssey, attributed to Homer is about Odysseus, the king of Ithaca, who sailed with his army to take part in war against Troy. After ten years of war, victory is declared and the armies of Odysseus have sailed for home. As the Odyssey begins, an additional 10 years have passed since the fall of Troy and Odysseus still has not returned to his home. The noblemen have converged on his palace seeking the hand of his lovely wife, Penelope. However, Penelope refuses their advances choosing to remain faithful to Odysseus. During the ten years of his absence since the fall of Troy, Odysseus has traveled the world undertaking many unbelievable adventures and trials set upon him by the god Poseidon. Throughout his travels he along with his menà sailed to many strange lands. These great adventures included tricking Polyphemus a Cyclops by being ââ¬Ënobodyââ¬â¢ (Norton 320), sailing to the end of the world and descending into Hell (Norton 340), successfully battling Scylla, a six-headed monster that devoured passing seamen (Norton 361) and finally, passing safely around a terrible whirlpool (Norton 366 ââ¬â 367). During his descent into Hell, Odysseus meets a sear who foretells that his wanderings would not end until peace is made with Poseidon. This sear also tells him that he will return home and re-establish himself as king. Finally as the Odyssey concludes, Odysseus does return home to a house and country in turmoil. His wife is besieged by suitors, his son is now a grown man and his country is facing certain civil war. In the final acts, order is restored with the assistance of the goddess Athene. In Danteââ¬â¢s epic, The Divine Comedy, he tells of a journey through hell, purgatory, and heaven. This epic is divided into three sections. In each of the sections he meets with mythological, historical, and contemporary individuals. Each individual encountered during the journey represents a religious or political symbol of fault or virtue. In addition, specific punishments and rewards are associated with each fault and virtue. Dante uses each punishment and reward to illustrate the larger meaning of human actions in the universal plan. Paradise Lost is considered by some to be one of the greatest poems in world literature and most certainly John Miltonââ¬â¢s masterpiece. In its 12 cantos Milton tells the story of the fall of Adam and the loss of Paradise. Satan has been expelled from heaven with his fallen angels. In Hell, Satan formulates a plan to find the new creations God has made ââ¬â man and woman. Meanwhile, God tells his Son that Satan will be successful in corrupting man. But because, man was tricked by Satan, man will be given grace if someone in heaven will die for manââ¬â¢s sin. To fulfill his plan, Satan tempts Eve in a dream. The next morning Eve suggests that she and Adam work separately that day. Gradually she isà persuaded by Satan, who has taken the form of a serpent, to eat of the Tree of Knowledge. Realizing her folly, Eve shares the fruit with Adam, who also eats it. This is considered the fall of man. In Heaven God tells of the final victory of the Son over Sin and Death. This epic is told in a context of extensive drama using profound speculations. Miltonââ¬â¢s main goal was to ââ¬Ëjustify the ways of God to men.ââ¬â¢ (Norton 2179) All three works are long narrative poems that are grand both in theme and style fulfilling the basic definition of an epic. Of the three epics only the Odyssey involved actions of great glory by the central hero. In the Divine Comedy and Paradise Lost, the main characters are not fighting monsters or outwitting Cyclops. Dante walks through Hell, and views the fate of man, Adam and Eve are manipulated by God and Satan but are not gods nor do they have god-like qualities. The influence of the supernatural is an outside force in the Divine Comedy and Paradise Lost. In the Odyssey, Odysseus possesses many god-like qualities himself. The central theme of each epic is somewhat different. In the Odyssey, the central theme seems to be Odysseus against the world. He stands the test through opposition by the gods, other men, and the forces of nature. In the Divine Comedy, Dante, a normal man, takes a walk through the many levels of hell, expressing the faith of medieval Christianity. Paradise Lost, by Milton is simply a representation of the ideals of mediaeval Christian rational. Though each work is classified as an epic, they share only a few of the basic traits of an epic poem. However, more than anything each provides insight into the thoughts and beliefs of people in our history. These epic works take us on an imaginary voyage; one through the amazing journeys of a single man, one through an imaginary trip through hell in which the political and philosophical thought of the time can be experienced, and one through an account of a religious thought for that day. All of these epics serve to remind us that no matter how far mankind has come, we still have a long way to go in our journey be it spiritual or earthly. Works Cited ââ¬ËEpic.ââ¬â¢ Websterââ¬â¢s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary. 1983 ed. Homer. ââ¬ËThe Odyssey.ââ¬â¢ Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces. Ed. Maynard Mack. 6th ed. 2 vols. New York: Norton, 1992. Milton, John. ââ¬ËParadise Lost.ââ¬â¢ Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces. Ed. Maynard Mack. 6th ed. 2 vols. New York: Norton, 1992.
Saturday, January 4, 2020
Religion Issues in Public School Essay - 1866 Words
The parents have the primary responsibility for the upbringing their children, including education. Consequently, parents need to be knowledgeable about the rules and practices school, including all matters relating to the religion and religious freedom in public education. In each community, parents should work with school officials to achieve not only what is constitutional, but also what is right for all citizens (Essex, 2012).The principles of freedom of religious are provided in the First Amendment where the civic structure that allows discussing differences, understand the relationship between parents and school policies and forge serve the common good in public education (Lecture 2, 2014). The following issues or inquiries areâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦It is important that a mutual trust is created and to really and listen to each other. School officials must accept criticism to their standards and valid school practices, especially in regards to management of religion an d religious perspectives. At the same time, parents with deep religious convictions should recognize that vast majority of administrators and teachers in public schools are not intended to be hostile religion and want to be fair to parents and students (Essex, 2012). Many school districts contribute to the confusion and mistrust because policies concerning many of the issues are treated or are set as guide. Schools can demonstrate how important it is to take religious freedom seriously when working with parents to develop comprehensive standards. Religious Liberty and Public Schools The general agreement between schools and religious communities on how to treat religion in public schools under the First Amendment: Public schools may not inculcate or inhibit religion (Essex, 2012). . They must be places where religion and belief religious are treated with fairness and respect. Public schools protect the First Amendment when they protect the rights of religious freedom all students, believers or not. Schools demonstrate fairness when ensure that the curriculum includes religious studies, where appropriate, as a component important for education complete (Essex, 2012). According to the Texas Freedom Network (2014) in theShow MoreRelatedThe Controversial Issue of Teaching Religion in Public Schools2528 Words à |à 11 PagesThe Controversial Issue of Teaching Religion in Public Schools Religion and public schooling, is one of todays most controversial issues in society . The question at hand is whether the teachers in the public schools should teach religion in Americas school systems or not. This controversy has been the issue of many Supreme Court rulings within the past thirty-five years. Separation of church and state seems inevitable for this nation. 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